Can Brown Demineralized Spots on Teeth Be White Again
The diagnosis of caries requires good lighting and dry clean teeth. If heavy deposits of calculus or plaque are present, the mouth should be cleaned before attempting authentic diagnosis. Each quadrant of the oral fissure should be isolated in plow with cotton-wool rolls and stale with air or cotton-wool pledges. Abrupt eyes are necessary to wait for the earliest signs of disease, and vision can exist enhanced past the utilize of magnification. Magnifying loupes can exist worn on a head band or attached to spectacles. Alternatively, special glasses with telescopes fastened can exist used, and have the advantage that they can be made to a specific focal length to suit the detail operator. Operative dentistry tin but be fabricated easier by the use of magnification. Traditionally a sharp probe was used to detect caries in enamel either by the rough feel of early cavitation on a smooth surface, or by the probe tips wedging betwixt the softened sides of a fissure. This was known as a «sticky crevice». Still, a abrupt probe can damage an incipient carious lesion, actually causing cavitation in a lesion which might otherwise have been arrested. Further, by conveying microorganisms into the lesion a probe may facilitate the spread of the carious process. Therefore, a probe should not exist used in the diagnosis of enamel caries.
Exercise 8. Requite the English equivalents for:
ватный тампон; зонд; кариозное поражение на начальной стадии; участок, место; ось; внутри ротовой полости; держатель рентгеновской пленки; точный, правильный; прикрепляться к: рентгеновский луч.
Exercise 9. Read and translate into Russian the following text.
OPERATIVE AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
Tooth destruction can occur from dental caries (disuse), compunction or abrasion, erosion and fracture. Dental caries, known more commonly as tooth decay, is the near mutual cause of tooth devastation. Caries (which literally means «rotten») results from the demineralization of mineralized tooth structures (that is the loss of minerals or inorganic content from enamel, dentin, and cementum).
Demineralization tin exist reversed if plaque is removed frequently enough through skillful oral hygiene measures, if sweets in the nutrition are limited, and minerals (especially calcium in good for you saliva and fluoride) are bachelor for uptake (remineralization) into the porous demineralized tooth. This tug-ofwar between demineralization and remineralization is constant and is the basis for prevention methods that are practical and taught by dental professionals.
Patient didactics and preventive treatment are important aspects of dental patient care. Prevention and treatment should be based on personalized risk-based cess of each patient's caries history, which includes their history of fluoride employ, their salivary menstruation charge per unit, and the frequency of sugar uptake (especially snacks). Fluoride applied to teeth in appropriate concentrations has been shown to reduce dental caries incidence because it increases the tooth's resistance to breakdown past caries-forming acids. Therefore, caries prevention includes daily use of fluoride-containing paste and fluoride-containing mouthwashes (either prescription or over-the-counter), likewise equally part applied fluorides that incorporate college concentrations. Further, when saliva flow is reduced (from impairment to salivary glands due to radiation therapy, or as a side upshot to many medications), the teeth are more susceptible to tooth decay. Bogus saliva or sugarless chewing mucilage could exist used to alleviate this problem. Finally, snacks provide the ingredients that, with certain bacteria found in dental plaque, class acids that contribute to demineralization. Therefore, frequent snacking must be curtailed.
A number of reports accept shown a worldwide subtract in the incidence of coronal caries, especially in children and adolescents, ranging from 10 to 60%. Notwithstanding, the number of adults older than 65 is expected to double past 2025, and people are keeping their teeth longer (53% of persons older than 65 still have at least 20 natural teeth). Further, the prevalence of root caries in the elderly is increasing, with ane written report reporting 75% of elderly women with clinically detectable root caries. Therefore, the restoration of damaged teeth (from caries and other reasons) will continue to exist a part of do of general dentistry for some time to come up.
Operative dentistry is the phase of dentistry involving the fine art and science of the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of defects in teeth which do not require restorations that cover the entire tooth (full coverage).
Restoring conservative tooth defects, such as those resulting from modest carious lesions usually requires placement of intracoronal restorations whose preparations are cutting within the molar and, if located occlusally, are narrower buccolingually than the distance between the cusps.
Restorative dentistry is the phase of clinical dentistry that includes not simply the prevention and handling of defects of private teeth, simply also the replacement of teeth that were lost or never formed. Lost teeth can be replaced using a fixed partial denture (also known as a span), a removable partial denture, an implant (surgical insertion or placement of artificial root over which a crown may be constructed), or complete dentures (besides known as false teeth). Thus, restorative dentistry involves the restoration of lost tooth structure and/or lost teeth with the ultimate goal of reestablishing a healthy, functioning, and comfortable dentition.
Exercise 10. Find in the text sentences with modal verbs.
Grammer EXERCISES
Do 1. Utilize modal verbs or their equivalents:
1. The deciduous teeth… . appear at about half dozen months after birth.
2. Teeth…. . to exist kept clean to avoid the evolution of dental plaque (зубной налет).
3. If a decayed tooth is not treated in fourth dimension pulpitis... develop.
4. Although the dentist tin can care for… . dental decay you lot ….give your teeth the daily care they need.
5. No dentist ... to stop a tooth if it is also bad. In this instance he ... to excerpt it.
vi. When a cavity is present in a tooth the dentist will determine what ... to be done to repair the damage.
7. Adults …. thoroughly brush their teeth at least in one case a solar day.
eight. Poor mouth hygiene leads to infection and the development of tooth disuse.
9. The initial lesion of dental caries ... develop in the occlusal fissures.
x. In case of caries a dentist ... outset gain access to it.
11. Caries removal ... start in the area of cavitation.
12. Caries lesions ... occur both on pits and fissures and polish surfaces.
13. Sometimes even a dentist . help if disease is neglected.
fourteen. The resistance of enamel to dental caries . be increased by application of fluoride to the tooth surface.
xv. Fluoridation of water . brand teeth more resistant to caries.
Exercise 2. Interpret the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of Participles.
1. Poor mouth hygiene during pregnancy (беременность) may result in gum infection known equally gingivitis.
2. Left unchecked, the plaque continues to irritate gums making them red, bloated and bleeding.
three. A balanced nutrition providing a sufficient amount of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and h2o is vital for both dental and general health.
iv. Foods containing starches may also cause tooth decay.
5. Limiting the number of between-meal snacks you may avert the development of tooth decay.
vi. You can assist your children take healthy teeth teaching them proper preventive measures.
seven. Molar decay, is a pathologic procedure beginning with plaque germination.
viii. If plaque is not removed daily the enamel eventually breaks downward and decays.
ix. To place a crown the dentist must set up the tooth reducing it in size so that a replacement crown tin fit.
ten.Unremoved plaque can irritate gums making them red and painful.
Exercise 3. Put the words in correct lodge:
one. reports / shown / caries / of / a / incidence / worldwide / coronal / a / have / number / decrease / of / the / in
2. trouble / bogus / to / or / gum / this / be / sugarless / used / alleviate / chewing / saliva / could
3. curtailed / must / snacking / be / frequent
four. damaged / the / dentistry / a / restoration / of / general / exist / teeth /of / part / practice / should / of
five. appropriate / choice / sometimes / more / restorations / of / may / restoration / a / be / extracoronal
vi. welfare / dental / patient / and / restorations / health / enhance / the / tin / the / of / general
Exercise 4. From the text «<The diagnostic procedure»indicate out the sentences with modal verbs and infinitives in the Passive form.
Practice 5. Translate the text below in written form.
THE DECAY PROCESS
Tooth disuse is an ongoing process that begins with plaque, a soft, transparent, gummy layer of harmful bacteria that constantly forms in the mouth. Certain bacteria in plaque use the carbohydrate and starches in the nutrient you eat to produce acids. The glutinous plaque holds these acids on the teeth where they can destroy tooth enamel. Each time acrid is produced, information technology attacks the tooth enamel for about twenty minutes. Plaque is almost harmful when the bacteria have had fourth dimension - most 25 hours - to organize into colonies.
After repeated acrid attacks, and if plaque is not removed daily, the enamel somewhen breaks down and decays. Once that happens, the disuse progresses inward to the center of the tooth. If left untreated, the decay reaches the lurid of the tooth and an abscess forms at the root end, causing pain. At this stage,
the tooth will need endodontic (root canal) treatment. Without treatment, the tooth must be extracted.
Here are some alert signs of dental decay:
- A tooth that is sensitive to heat, common cold or sweets.
- Pain when chewing.
- Swelling or drainage at/or beneath the gumline.
- A brownish spot on a tooth.
- A persistent pain in the mouth or sinus area.
If you doubtable that you have tooth decay, make a dental appointment without any delay.
SPEECH EXERCISES
Practice i. Reply the following questions to the text «Dental Caries and Pulpitis»:
one. When do diseases of the teeth develop?
2. What are the two virtually common diseases of the teeth?
3. What are the primary causes of dental caries?
four. What are the symptoms of caries?
five. What parts of a tooth do carious lesions most oftentimes affect?
6. What are the symptoms of pulpitis?
7. What complications may pulpitis result in?
viii. What does the treatment of pulpitis consist of?
Practise 2. Speak virtually caries and pulpitis using questions of Ex. 1 as a programme.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the information from the text «Operative and restorative dentistry»:
one. Caries results from.
ii. . is the basis for prevention methods.
3. ... are important aspects of dental patient care.
4. Prevention and handling should exist based on .
5. Operative dentistry is the phase of dentistry involving ...
6. Restorative dentistry is the stage of clinical dentistry that includes ...
Exercise 4. Review the text «Operative and restorative dentistry» to answer the following questions:
one. Why do dentists believe fluoride can reduce dental caries incidence?
two. Why do dentists recommend to cutting down on sugar-containing food?
3. Why does demineralization process occur?
4. What is the definition of operative surgery?
5. What is the definition of restorative surgery?
6. Define dental caries.
seven. Define dental plaque.
Exercise 5. Read the text. Entitle it.
Modernistic science tells us that caries originates under the combined effect of microorganisms and sugar. Bacteria absorb on the surface of the teeth due to the acid that occurs in saliva. Every seize with teeth of food containing sugar gives the bacteria free energy allowing them to multiply and start producing acids. The consequence is the formation of cavities. The initial lesion of dental caries clinically is a white spot which may become stained dark-brown.
Adults of all ages can suffer from tooth decay. 2 of three cavities in people older than l involve disuse effectually fillings.
Another type of tooth decay common in older people is root caries. Root caries generally occurs in adults who suffer from periodontal disease, when the roots are exposed. As the root surface is softer than the enamel the decay occurs more easily.
A balanced diet that provides a sufficient amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water is important for both dental and general wellness. Other methods of dental caries command are: brushing teeth, fluoridation of h2o and early restoration of carious lesions.
Notes:
a white spot which may go - белое пятно, которое может стать
stained brown коричневым
a filling - пломба
fluoridation of water - фторирование воды
Exercise six. Reply the following questions to the text in Exercise 5:
1. What causes caries?
2. When does root caries develop?
3. What are the methods of dental caries control?
Exercise seven. Summarise the text using the following introductory phrases: The text is headlined ... The text reads about . According to the text ...
The main methods of caries control are enumerated ...
Exercise 8. Read and translate the text and classify dental caries according to pit and crack versus smooth surface and describe the blueprint of spread of each within enamel and dentin.
(Nomenclature OF CARIOUS LESIONS
There are two broad classifications of molar decay based on the anatomy of the tooth surface involved: pit and cleft, and shine surface. The pattern by which the spread of dental caries occurs equally it enlarges and deepens differs in these ii types.
Pit and crevice carious lesions begin in the depth of pits and fissures which grade from incomplete fusion of enamel lobes during molar evolution and are nearly impossible to keep make clean. Fissures and pits are commonly located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth (molars and premolars), as well as on the lingual surface of maxillary molars, the buccal surface of mandibular molars, and the lingual fossae of maxillary incisors, peculiarly lateral incisors.
In contrast to pit and fissure caries, smooth surface carious lesions occur on the smooth surfaces of the anatomic crown of the tooth in the areas which are least accessible to the natural cleansing action of the lips, cheeks, and tongue. The pattern of spread within enamel for smooth surface caries is different from that for pit and crevice caries since it begins equally a relatively broad area of destruction just beneath the outer layer of enamel, but it narrows as it progresses more than securely toward the dentinoenamel junction. Once it reaches dentin, all the same, it spreads out wider at the dentonoenamel junction, simply like pit and fissure caries.
Root surface caries is some other type of smooth surface caries that occurs on cementum, most often in patients with illness of the periodontium, patients with decreased saliva flow, or in older patients who have had gingival recession which increases the potential for aggregating of caries-forming plaque on the cementum of root surfaces. Treatment in these cases can include polishing the root, applying fluoride (topical or fluoride containing varnishes), and keeping the roots clean through good oral hygiene.
In 1908, Dr. K.V. Black developed a comprehensive method of classifying carious lesions that has been useful when describing specific principles of cavity training. The original classifications were G. V. Black Class I, II, Three, IV, and V. All pit and fissure type lesions are Class I, whereas Class II, III, IV, and Five caries are all polish surface type lesions.
Notes:
pit ямка, углубление
fissure фиссура зуба
lobe доля
accessible доступный, открытый
gingival recession рецессия десны, атрофия десневого края
smooth гладкий, ровный
polishing полировка, полирование
comprehensive глубокий, всесторонний; тщательный, подробный, детальный
Do 9. Written report the text «Nomenclature of carious lesions» and fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text. The commencement letters are given to aid you lot:
1. P... and f... are virtually impossible to keep clean.
2. The s... surfaces of the crown, least a... to cleansing are susceptible to southward. surface carious lesions.
3. Pits and fissures effect from incomplete fusion of enamel l... during tooth development.
4. Older patients who have g... r... are likely to develop root surface caries.
v. Root surface caries tin can be treated by p... the root, applying fluoride and good oral hygiene.
half dozen. An American dentist One thousand.V. Black made a c... analyses of cavities blueprint and suggested steps of their preparation.
The diagnosis of caries requires good lighting and dry clean teeth. If heavy deposits of calculus or plaque are nowadays, the oral fissure should be cleaned earlier attempting accurate diagnosis. Each quadrant of the oral fissure should be isolated in turn with cotton fiber-wool rolls and stale with air or cotton wool-wool pledges. Sharp eyes are necessary to wait for the earliest signs of disease, and vision can be enhanced by the use of magnification. Magnifying loupes can be worn on a head band or fastened to spectacles. Alternatively, special spectacles with telescopes fastened can be used, and have the advantage that they can exist made to a specific focal length to suit the particular operator. Operative dentistry can only be fabricated easier by the apply of magnification. Traditionally a sharp probe was used to detect caries in enamel either by the rough experience of early on cavitation on a smooth surface, or by the probe tips wedging betwixt the softened sides of a fissure. This was known as a «sticky cleft». All the same, a sharp probe can damage an incipient carious lesion, actually causing cavitation in a lesion which might otherwise have been arrested. Farther, by carrying microorganisms into the lesion a probe may facilitate the spread of the carious process. Therefore, a probe should not be used in the diagnosis of enamel caries.
Exercise 8. Requite the English language equivalents for:
ватный тампон; зонд; кариозное поражение на начальной стадии; участок, место; ось; внутри ротовой полости; держатель рентгеновской пленки; точный, правильный; прикрепляться к: рентгеновский луч.
Exercise 9. Read and interpret into Russian the following text.
OPERATIVE AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
Molar devastation can occur from dental caries (decay), compunction or abrasion, erosion and fracture. Dental caries, known more than commonly equally molar disuse, is the most common crusade of tooth destruction. Caries (which literally means «rotten») results from the demineralization of mineralized tooth structures (that is the loss of minerals or inorganic content from enamel, dentin, and cementum).
Demineralization can be reversed if plaque is removed frequently enough through good oral hygiene measures, if sweets in the diet are limited, and minerals (especially calcium in salubrious saliva and fluoride) are available for uptake (remineralization) into the porous demineralized tooth. This tug-ofwar between demineralization and remineralization is constant and is the basis for prevention methods that are applied and taught by dental professionals.
Patient teaching and preventive handling are of import aspects of dental patient intendance. Prevention and handling should be based on personalized take chances-based cess of each patient's caries history, which includes their history of fluoride utilize, their salivary catamenia rate, and the frequency of sugar uptake (specially snacks). Fluoride applied to teeth in appropriate concentrations has been shown to reduce dental caries incidence because information technology increases the tooth's resistance to breakdown past caries-forming acids. Therefore, caries prevention includes daily use of fluoride-containing paste and fluoride-containing mouthwashes (either prescription or over-the-counter), as well equally office practical fluorides that contain higher concentrations. Further, when saliva menses is reduced (from damage to salivary glands due to radiation therapy, or equally a side issue to many medications), the teeth are more than susceptible to molar disuse. Artificial saliva or sugarless chewing gum could be used to alleviate this problem. Finally, snacks provide the ingredients that, with certain bacteria constitute in dental plaque, form acids that contribute to demineralization. Therefore, frequent snacking must be curtailed.
A number of reports have shown a worldwide decrease in the incidence of coronal caries, especially in children and adolescents, ranging from 10 to 60%. Nevertheless, the number of adults older than 65 is expected to double by 2025, and people are keeping their teeth longer (53% of persons older than 65 still have at least 20 natural teeth). Further, the prevalence of root caries in the elderly is increasing, with one report reporting 75% of elderly women with clinically detectable root caries. Therefore, the restoration of damaged teeth (from caries and other reasons) will proceed to be a part of exercise of general dentistry for some time to come up.
Operative dentistry is the stage of dentistry involving the fine art and scientific discipline of the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of defects in teeth which practise not require restorations that cover the entire tooth (total coverage).
Restoring conservative tooth defects, such as those resulting from small carious lesions usually requires placement of intracoronal restorations whose preparations are cut inside the tooth and, if located occlusally, are narrower buccolingually than the altitude between the cusps.
Restorative dentistry is the stage of clinical dentistry that includes non only the prevention and treatment of defects of individual teeth, but too the replacement of teeth that were lost or never formed. Lost teeth can be replaced using a fixed partial denture (besides known as a bridge), a removable fractional denture, an implant (surgical insertion or placement of artificial root over which a crown may be constructed), or complete dentures (too known every bit imitation teeth). Thus, restorative dentistry involves the restoration of lost tooth structure and/or lost teeth with the ultimate goal of reestablishing a healthy, operation, and comfortable dentition.
Practise 10. Detect in the text sentences with modal verbs.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Exercise i. Use modal verbs or their equivalents:
1. The deciduous teeth… . appear at nearly vi months afterward birth.
2. Teeth…. . to exist kept clean to avoid the development of dental plaque (зубной налет).
3. If a rust-covered tooth is not treated in time pulpitis... develop.
4. Although the dentist can treat… . dental decay you ….give your teeth the daily intendance they demand.
5. No dentist ... to stop a tooth if it is as well bad. In this case he ... to extract it.
6. When a cavity is present in a tooth the dentist will determine what ... to be done to repair the damage.
vii. Adults …. thoroughly brush their teeth at least once a day.
8. Poor mouth hygiene leads to infection and the development of tooth decay.
9. The initial lesion of dental caries ... develop in the occlusal fissures.
10. In case of caries a dentist ... first proceeds access to it.
11. Caries removal ... beginning in the surface area of cavitation.
12. Caries lesions ... occur both on pits and fissures and smooth surfaces.
13. Sometimes even a dentist . aid if affliction is neglected.
14. The resistance of enamel to dental caries . exist increased past application of fluoride to the tooth surface.
fifteen. Fluoridation of water . make teeth more resistant to caries.
Practise 2. Translate the post-obit sentences into Russian paying attention to the utilize of Participles.
1. Poor oral fissure hygiene during pregnancy (беременность) may result in mucilage infection known as gingivitis.
2. Left unchecked, the plaque continues to irritate gums making them red, swollen and bleeding.
3. A balanced diet providing a sufficient corporeality of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water is vital for both dental and full general health.
4. Foods containing starches may also crusade tooth disuse.
5. Limiting the number of betwixt-meal snacks you may avoid the development of tooth decay.
6. Yous can help your children have healthy teeth teaching them proper preventive measures.
7. Tooth decay, is a pathologic process beginning with plaque formation.
8. If plaque is non removed daily the enamel eventually breaks down and decays.
ix. To place a crown the dentist must prepare the tooth reducing it in size and then that a replacement crown tin can fit.
10.Unremoved plaque tin irritate gums making them ruddy and painful.
Practice three. Put the words in correct order:
1. reports / shown / caries / of / a / incidence / worldwide / coronal / a / have / number / decrease / of / the / in
two. trouble / artificial / to / or / gum / this / exist / sugarless / used / alleviate / chewing / saliva / could
3. concise / must / snacking / be / frequent
four. damaged / the / dentistry / a / restoration / of / general / exist / teeth /of / part / practise / should / of
5. appropriate / selection / sometimes / more than / restorations / of / may / restoration / a / be / extracoronal
half-dozen. welfare / dental / patient / and / restorations / wellness / enhance / the / can / the / of / general
Practise 4. From the text «<The diagnostic procedure»indicate out the sentences with modal verbs and infinitives in the Passive form.
Do 5. Translate the text below in written form.
THE DECAY Process
Tooth decay is an ongoing process that begins with plaque, a soft, transparent, sticky layer of harmful bacteria that constantly forms in the mouth. Certain bacteria in plaque use the sugar and starches in the food you swallow to produce acids. The sticky plaque holds these acids on the teeth where they tin destroy tooth enamel. Each time acid is produced, it attacks the molar enamel for about xx minutes. Plaque is nearly harmful when the bacteria accept had time - virtually 25 hours - to organize into colonies.
After repeated acid attacks, and if plaque is not removed daily, the enamel eventually breaks down and decays. In one case that happens, the decay progresses inward to the centre of the tooth. If left untreated, the decay reaches the pulp of the tooth and an abscess forms at the root cease, causing pain. At this stage,
the tooth will need endodontic (root canal) treatment. Without treatment, the molar must exist extracted.
Here are some alarm signs of dental disuse:
- A molar that is sensitive to heat, cold or sweets.
- Pain when chewing.
- Swelling or drainage at/or below the gumline.
- A dark-brown spot on a molar.
- A persistent pain in the mouth or sinus area.
If yous suspect that you have molar decay, make a dental appointment without any filibuster.
Speech EXERCISES
Exercise one. Respond the post-obit questions to the text «Dental Caries and Pulpitis»:
1. When practise diseases of the teeth develop?
2. What are the two most common diseases of the teeth?
3. What are the principal causes of dental caries?
4. What are the symptoms of caries?
5. What parts of a tooth do carious lesions most ofttimes affect?
6. What are the symptoms of pulpitis?
vii. What complications may pulpitis result in?
8. What does the treatment of pulpitis consist of?
Exercise two. Speak about caries and pulpitis using questions of Ex. 1 as a plan.
Practice 3. Consummate the sentences with the information from the text «Operative and restorative dentistry»:
i. Caries results from.
2. . is the basis for prevention methods.
3. ... are important aspects of dental patient care.
4. Prevention and treatment should be based on .
5. Operative dentistry is the stage of dentistry involving ...
six. Restorative dentistry is the phase of clinical dentistry that includes ...
Exercise 4. Review the text «Operative and restorative dentistry» to respond the following questions:
ane. Why do dentists believe fluoride can reduce dental caries incidence?
2. Why do dentists recommend to cut down on carbohydrate-containing nutrient?
3. Why does demineralization process occur?
4. What is the definition of operative surgery?
five. What is the definition of restorative surgery?
6. Define dental caries.
7. Define dental plaque.
Exercise v. Read the text. Entitle information technology.
Modern science tells us that caries originates under the combined result of microorganisms and sugar. Bacteria absorb on the surface of the teeth due to the acrid that occurs in saliva. Every bite of nutrient containing saccharide gives the bacteria free energy allowing them to multiply and start producing acids. The issue is the germination of cavities. The initial lesion of dental caries clinically is a white spot which may become stained brown.
Adults of all ages tin suffer from tooth decay. Two of three cavities in people older than 50 involve decay around fillings.
Another type of molar decay common in older people is root caries. Root caries by and large occurs in adults who suffer from periodontal disease, when the roots are exposed. Equally the root surface is softer than the enamel the decay occurs more easily.
A balanced diet that provides a sufficient amount of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water is of import for both dental and full general wellness. Other methods of dental caries command are: brushing teeth, fluoridation of water and early restoration of carious lesions.
Notes:
a white spot which may become - белое пятно, которое может стать
stained dark-brown коричневым
a filling - пломба
fluoridation of water - фторирование воды
Exercise vi. Reply the following questions to the text in Practise 5:
1. What causes caries?
2. When does root caries develop?
iii. What are the methods of dental caries control?
Exercise seven. Summarise the text using the following introductory phrases: The text is headlined ... The text reads nigh . According to the text ...
The chief methods of caries control are enumerated ...
Exercise 8. Read and interpret the text and classify dental caries co-ordinate to pit and fissure versus polish surface and draw the blueprint of spread of each within enamel and dentin.
(CLASSIFICATION OF CARIOUS LESIONS
There are two wide classifications of tooth disuse based on the anatomy of the tooth surface involved: pit and cleft, and smooth surface. The blueprint by which the spread of dental caries occurs as it enlarges and deepens differs in these two types.
Pit and fissure carious lesions brainstorm in the depth of pits and fissures which grade from incomplete fusion of enamel lobes during tooth development and are most impossible to proceed clean. Fissures and pits are commonly located on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth (molars and premolars), as well as on the lingual surface of maxillary molars, the buccal surface of mandibular molars, and the lingual fossae of maxillary incisors, particularly lateral incisors.
In contrast to pit and fissure caries, smooth surface carious lesions occur on the smooth surfaces of the anatomic crown of the tooth in the areas which are least accessible to the natural cleansing activeness of the lips, cheeks, and tongue. The pattern of spread within enamel for polish surface caries is different from that for pit and fissure caries since it begins every bit a relatively wide expanse of destruction merely beneath the outer layer of enamel, only information technology narrows as it progresses more deeply toward the dentinoenamel junction. Once it reaches dentin, however, it spreads out wider at the dentonoenamel junction, only similar pit and crevice caries.
Root surface caries is another type of smooth surface caries that occurs on cementum, most frequently in patients with illness of the periodontium, patients with decreased saliva menstruum, or in older patients who have had gingival recession which increases the potential for aggregating of caries-forming plaque on the cementum of root surfaces. Treatment in these cases tin can include polishing the root, applying fluoride (topical or fluoride containing varnishes), and keeping the roots clean through good oral hygiene.
In 1908, Dr. G.V. Blackness developed a comprehensive method of classifying carious lesions that has been useful when describing specific principles of cavity grooming. The original classifications were G. V. Blackness Class I, Ii, 3, Iv, and V. All pit and crack type lesions are Course I, whereas Class II, Three, IV, and V caries are all smooth surface type lesions.
Notes:
pit ямка, углубление
fissure фиссура зуба
lobe доля
attainable доступный, открытый
gingival recession рецессия десны, атрофия десневого края
smooth гладкий, ровный
polishing полировка, полирование
comprehensive глубокий, всесторонний; тщательный, подробный, детальный
Practise 9. Study the text «Classification of carious lesions» and fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text. The first messages are given to help yous:
1. P... and f... are nearly incommunicable to proceed clean.
2. The due south... surfaces of the crown, least a... to cleansing are susceptible to south. surface carious lesions.
3. Pits and fissures result from incomplete fusion of enamel fifty... during molar evolution.
4. Older patients who have thousand... r... are likely to develop root surface caries.
5. Root surface caries tin be treated by p... the root, applying fluoride and skillful oral hygiene.
6. An American dentist G.V. Black made a c... analyses of cavities blueprint and suggested steps of their preparation.
Can Brown Demineralized Spots on Teeth Be White Again
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